Projective Techniques free essay sample

Such tests are based loosely on the psychoanalytic concept of projection, the assumption being that respondents project unconscious aspects of their personalities on to the test items and reveal them in their responses †¦ The website of the Association of Qualitative Practitioners (AQR 2004) defines projective techniques as follows: A wide range of tasks and games in which respondents can be asked to participate during an interview or group, designed to facilitate, extend or enhance the nature of the discussion.Some are known as ‘projective’ techniques, being loosely based on approaches originally taken in a psychotherapeutic setting. These rely on the idea that someone will ‘project’ their own (perhaps unacceptable or shameful) feelings or beliefs onto an imaginary other person or situation †¦ Projective techniques may be used in qualitative as well as quantitative studies (Levy 1994) and they are useful (Boddy 2004b) in both. 240 International Jo urnal of Market Research Vol. 47 Issue 3Projective techniques are commonly used in qualitative market research (Gordon Langmaid 1990) where the aim of the techniques is to facilitate the gaining of a deeper understanding of the area being researched. In discussing projective techniques they distance the use of projective techniques in qualitative market research from that of psychoanalytical practice, and suggest a more pedestrian and pragmatic definition: Projection [is] the tendency to imbue objects or events with characteristics or meanings which are derived from our subconscious desires, wishes or feelings.Dichter (1964) defined projection as meaning ‘to project subjective ideas and contents onto an object’, and said that one person could ascribe their own problems or difficulties to someone else. He described these techniques as being widely used in psychological work (Dichter 1960) and said that they are a non-directive interview technique where the respondent can project himself onto another and thus reveal some of the respondent’s own thoughts, feelings and fears.Projective vis-a-vis enabling techniques The market researchers Chandler and Owen (2002) define projective and enabling techniques quite suc cinctly and in a way with which most qualitative market research practitioners (Gordon Langmaid 1990; Goodyear 1998) would probably agree. This differentiation is useful to make at the beginning of this paper as the techniques are often used interchangeably and the distinction between them may have become blurred in the minds of some qualitative market researchers.Classically, the idea of a projective technique relates to a device that allows the individual research participant to articulate repressed or otherwise withheld feelings by projecting these onto another character. The idea of enabling techniques relates to a device which allows the individual research participant to find a means of expressing feelings, thoughts and so on which they find hard to articulate. Enabling techniques are held to be the simpler (Will, Eadie MacAskill 1996) of the two techniques as they just help people to talk about themselves. Will et al. ake the useful distinguishing point that while all projective techniques may be enabling, not all enabling techniques involve projection. Other researchers (Lysaker Bradley 1957) make the point that even pictorial devices, which do not function as projective techniques 241 Projective techniques in market research (i. e. devices researchers would nowadays refer to as enabling techniques), may still have utility in generating responses. Gordon and Langmaid (1990) state that the use of projective as opposed to enabling techniques is a false distinction in market research as the aim of both techniques is to facilitate deeper understanding. However, they do go on to say that in enabling techniques people are asked to do something that itself has no interpretive value (and so doesn’t itself need to be interpreted). In terms of analysis there is a distinction because with enabling techniques the research participants are talking as themselves (that is not to say that this speech should always be taken at face value), whereas with projective techniques the research participants are talking as someone else and the researcher makes the interpretative assumption that they are talking as themselves.This agreement over the definition of projective techniques is about as far as most research textbooks get on the subject. How they are subsequently used is little discussed and how they are then analysed is hardly explicitly touched on at all (Levy 1994; Catterall 1998), which is a situation that has hardly changed from ten or more years ago.This paper aims to look at current reports of how projective techniques are analysed and what support for their reliability and validity exists, and aims to stimulate debate in this area of market research so that a better and more accessible understanding of the subject can be offered to those entering research as potential practitioners, to interested clients, and to researchers who are more used to a quantitative or direct questioning approach. The origins of projective techniquesProjective techniques were employed in market research from the 1940s (Catterall Ibbotson 2000) to encourage research participants to express feelings and attitudes that might otherwise be withheld due to embarrassment or fear if more direct questioning methods were used. Market research originally borrowed (Robson 2000; Boddy 2004a) projective techniques from psychoanalysis and clinical psychology where they are still used (Richman 1996) to gain insights into personality and personality disorders. Projection, as a concept, originated from Freud’s work on paranoia (Lilienfeld, Wood Garb 2000), where he conceptualised projection as a defence mechanism by which people unconsciously attribute their own negative personality traits to others. Lilienfeld et al. say that Freud’s work 242 International Journal of Market Research Vol. 47 Issue 3 was subsequently developed by psychoanalysts and clinical psychologists.This development was based on the hypothesis that ‘research participants project aspects of their personalities in the process of disambiguating unstructured test stimuli’, and several different techniques were developed such as the well-known Rorschach technique, or ‘ink-blot test’, where subjects are assumed to project aspects of their personality onto the ambiguous features of a set of inkblots. Projective techniques in market research A commonly used completion technique (Gordon Langmaid 1990; Will et al. 1996) in qualitative mar ket research is ‘bubble drawing’. This is a device based on a technique called the Thematic Apperception Test where, according to Tucker-Ladd (2001), clinical psychologists use a series of standard pictures and ask subjects to make up stories about them. TuckerLadd says that what people see in the pictures says something about themselves and thus reveals their personality. Projective techniques can be used in a variety of market research situations as well as in social and educational research (Catterall Ibbotson 2000), and these do not have to be aiming at uncovering aspects of personality of any great depth.For example, a bubble drawing was used (Boddy 2004a) by one researcher to uncover students’ underlying attitudes towards the delivery of a lecture on marketing research rather than to uncover any deeper aspects of their own personalities. Projective and enabling techniques are thus useful when research participants have difficulty expressing opinions or feelings and researchers need some way of accessing these from the participants’ minds (Gordon Langmaid 1990; Kay 2001).

Health Care Budget free essay sample

The increase in assets in the year 2009 was 7%, which is caused by an increase in accounts receivable by 56%, inventories by 100% and increase in property plant and equipment by 41%. The hospital may have provided more credit to customers or consumers to raise the revenues and more investment in fixed assets and inventories to enhance the revenues. The Patton-Fuller Hospital organization seems successful, but not completely. The organization lacks in certain areas, as they were only able to raise their revenues by 10%. The increase in fixed assets and current assets have been financed by debt financing, which is evident from an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses by 120% and net long term debt has increased by 114% as compared to the previous year. The decrease in retained earnings by a heavily built amount of 63% shows that Patton-Fuller Hospital is relying more on debt financing, therefore the debt to total assets and debt to total assets ratios have been heavily disturbed in 2009 as compared to 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care Budget or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 2008 39% of total assets were financed from debt financing while in 2009, the assets rose to 79% showing a large increase of 102%. In 2008, the debt to equity ratio has also shown the same pattern, of a rather worse situation than debt to total assets. In 2008, the debt was 64% but rose to 368%, showing a drastic increase of 478%, which is main cause of net interest expense in 2009, which was net interest income 2008. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital’s 2010 operating budget assumptions supplies cost will decrease 3% due to the price deflation and their current over-stock purchased last year. Physician and professional fees and contracts for fees have a built-in 3% increase. Utilities cost will increase 5% due to the rising cost of oil partially offset by the efficiency of the hospitals new heating and cooling systems; no other net change is expected to occur in the cost or volume of these items. Depreciation and amortization â€Å"non-cash† expenses some high-cost equipment (air conditioning, telephone system, all patient beds and headwalls) were replaced in 2009 and â€Å"depreciation† rose sharply. Depreciation will remain at this level in 2010, so no projected increase is anticipated. Interest and the repayment plan for any monies borrowed in 2009 will come due in 2010, with a sharp increase (30%) in interest cost. Provision for doubtful accounts and the renegotiation of managed care plans has delayed collection and made collections less certain. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital will assume a 10% increase in doubtful accounts. Operating Income Non-operating Income (Loss), Patton-Fuller Community Hospital does not expect to have any non-operating income or loss. With investment income (loss), the market is down, expected to hold steady, so a zero return is anticipated, with neither losses nor gains. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital believes that the hospital will continue its dramatic turnaround, taking advantage of the stagnation in patient volume, price deflation, the efficiency of new equipment and the improved arrangements with the managed care companies. The net loss of the Patton-Fuller Hospital organization went down by 98% in 2009 as compared to the 2008 reports. This loss was caused ecause of an increase in revenues by 10%. All expenses had an increase of 3% to 5%, except for depreciation and bad debt expenses. These expenses have increased by 44% and 11% respectively, in 2009 as compared to 2008. The increase in depreciation expense is because of an increase in fixed assets in 2009 as compared to 2008. The increase in bad debt expense is due to increase in accounts receivable in 2009 as compared to 2008. The interest income also sh owed a decrease by 123%, and it may be due to more interest expenses in 2009 as compared to 2008. If the decrease would have been less in 2009 as compared to previous year of 2008, the net loss may have been converted into net income. The decrease in net income has affected the return on assets ratio and return equity ratio in both years; they are around 0% in 2009 and -3% in 2008 for both ratios. The ratio has been shifted from negative to almost 0%, due to an increase in revenues and net income. References Patton-Fuller Community Hospital 2010 Operating Budget Assumptions Patton-Fuller Community Hospital 2009 Operating Budget Projections

Essay Cover Page - How to Write Them Correctly

Essay Cover Page - How to Write Them CorrectlyWhat does a college application essay cover page really mean? It is important that you understand what it means and how to write it correctly. Essay writers need to understand how to capture the attention of the reader and keep him or her interested so that you can get a response back from them. The following are some tips on how to write the essay cover page correctly.The first thing you need to do is to know what type of message you want to get across to the reader and get the correct information from them. The idea behind the cover page is to give people the confidence to make a decision based on the information provided. So, you should know the benefits and aspects of your business. Know what the reader expects to find in your business.Knowing the type of college application essay cover page that you want to use is important to know before you begin writing. You should choose one that matches the type of business you are promoting. Yo u should make sure that the essay cover page is easy to read. It should make sense and the reader should be able to grasp what you are trying to communicate to them.The next step is to make sure you have a clear and concise style for your essay. Your style should fit in with the style of the business and make it easy for people to read and understand what you are trying to convey. Do not be too formal in the style or the reader will get confused as to what the writer is trying to say.Writing an essay cover page should not take long and should be simple to read. There should be less than 2 pages in length and it should have a simple structure. There should not be too much room to write too much and it should not be too long either.One thing that a college application essay cover page must do is to tell the reader what the writer wants to achieve from the essay. In other words, the essay must speak to the reader about what they want to get out of the reader. You should be able to comm unicate your point clearly and concisely. It should be short but straightforward and direct the reader to the goal you want them to reach in the essay.Something else you need to do is to be careful when you write a college application essay cover page. It should be professional. Write as if you are talking to a business leader or someone who is an authority. You should not be in a hurry to get something written and it should be crystal clear. If you do not write it in a professional manner you may lose the reader's interest.A good writing style can help you get a good college application essay cover page. It will help to make it easy for you to communicate with your reader. The style should be personal and it should have a pleasing impact on the reader. Writing a great essay cover page will make you stand out from other applicants and gives your reader the assurance they need to give you a call.

Reiki Energy to Help Writing Essay

Reiki Energy to Help Writing EssayReiki energy to help writing essay is the right method to take when writing. While you are involved in the process of writing your paper, you will find yourself more relaxed will be the main result of the process. Reiki energy can soothe you and your writing process, since it also removes stress and anxiety.Stress can make you ill and ultimately cause you harm. If you want to clear your stress, then try to find the ways that you can deal with it. If you do not know what these methods are, then search for them on the internet. There are many sites out there which will give you all the information you need to find the most suitable method for you. You can also refer to books which have been written by experts.If you want to enhance your writing skills, then do not hesitate to study and re-read the entire original work from where you have taken the notes. When you do this, you will come across a lot of information and phrases which are similar to what y ou have written down in your notes. If you want to get rid of your stress and anxiety, then you should look at these sentences carefully. These are what will remind you of what you have been writing in your essay.The next step you should do is to rewrite these sentences and take them in your writing. Instead of writing them, you can also do this exercise on your own by simply rewriting these words and phrases. When you write the sentences in your own words, you will not forget them easily. The process of doing this exercise will help you greatly in the process of editing.The last but not the least way to clean up the style of your whole essay. This is also very easy and that is writing your essay in a specific manner. Instead of writing in a normal way, try to write in a way that you know will be most suitable to the subject you are writing about.In fact, Reiki energy to help writing essay is indeed very useful, especially when you are writing a journal or a history report. You will find it very easy to clear your thoughts and calm down and relax the mind. Once this happens, you will come across a lot of information and phrases which will remind you of what you have been writing down in your essay.However, it is quite easy to apply Reiki to help writing essay as well, because it requires a mere intention on your part. Try to visualize a certain kind of Reiki wave or sphere floating over your head and then write down your thoughts or ideas. Keep repeating this exercise for about 30 minutes every day and you will find yourself having very few worries and problems in the process.Lastly, when you are studying your Reiki assignments, try to read them carefully and review them over again. This will help you out a lot. Reiki energy to help writing essay is a really good one and anyone can benefit from it.

Hedda Gabler By Ibsen Essays - Hedda Gabler, Hedda, Henrik Ibsen

Hedda Gabler By Ibsen Henrik Ibsen portrays a microcosm of nineteenth century Norwegian society in his play Hedda Gabler. Hedda, the protagonist, exhibits a mixture of masculine and feminine traits due to her unique upbringing under General Gabler and the social mores imposed upon her. However, although this society venerates General Gabler because of his military status, his daughter Hedda is not tolerated due to her non-conformity to the accepted gender stereotypes. Hedda's gender-inverted marriage to Jorgan Tesman, her desire for power and her use of General Gabler's pistols are unacceptable in her society and motif of "One doesn't do such a thing!" that is alluded to during the play and expounded upon Hedda's death that shows that Hedda's uncertain stance between masculine and feminine gender roles and their associated traits is not tolerated by her society. Ibsen employs a reversal of traditional gender roles within Hedda and Jorgen Tesman's marriage to emphasises Hedda's masculine traits. Hedda displays no emotion or affection towards her husband Jorgen. This appearance of indifference is a trait that is usually common to men: Tesman - "My old morning shoes. My slippers look!...I missed them dreadfully. Now you should see them, Hedda." Hedda - "No thanks, it really doesn't interest me'. In another gender role reversal, Hedda displays a financial awareness, which her husband, Jorgen does not posses. Although Brack corresponds with Tesman about his honeymoon travels, he corresponds with Hedda concerning the financial matters. This is a role that is usually reserved for men. Hedda does not only display traits, which are definitively masculine, or feminine, she also objects to and often defies the conventions established for her gender by society. She rejects references to her pregnancy as a reminder of her gender: Tesman - "Have you noticed how plump (Hedda's) grown, and how well she is? How much she's filled out on our travels?" Hedda - "Oh be quiet!" Hedda is reminded not only of her feminine role of mother and nurturer here, but also as wife and "appendage" to Tesman: "And to think is was you who carried off Hedda Gabler! The lovely Hedda Gabler!...now that you have got the wife your heart was set on." As a woman of the haute bourgeoisie, Hedda is "sought after" and "always had so many admirers" and has been "acquired" by Tesman as hide wife. Hedda resents the gender conventions that dictate that she now "belongs" to the Tesman family - a situation that would not occur were she a man: Tesman - "Only it seems to me now that you belong to the family..." Hedda- " Well, I really don't know..." Although these traits displayed by Hedda are masculine, they are not those, which her society cannot tolerate. To entertain herself in her "boring" marriage she plays with her father's, General Gabler's, pistols: Hedda - "Sometimes I think I only have a talent for one thing...boring myself to death!" "I still have one thing to kill time with. My pistols, Jorgen. General Gabler's pistols" Jorgen - "For goodness' sake! Hedda darling! Don't touch those dangerous things! For my sake, Hedda!". These pistols are a symbol of masculinity and are associated with war, a pastime which women are excluded from other than in the nurturing role of nurses and are thus not tolerated by society. Tesman implores Hedda to cease playing with them, but even his "superior" position as her husband does not dissuade Hedda, who is found to be playing with them by Brack at the beginning of act two. Brack also reminds Hedda of the inappropriate nature of her "entertainment" and physically takes the pistols away from Hedda. Hedda - "I'm going to shoot you sir!" Brack - "No, no, no!...Now stop this nonsense!" [taking the pistol gently out of her hand]. If you don't mind, my dear lady....Because we're not going to play that game any more today." As a parallel to Hedda's masculine game of playing with General Gabler's pistols, Hedda plays the traditionally female role of a "minx" with Brack. Hedda - "Doesn't it feel like a whole eternity since we last talked to each other?" Brack - "Not like this, between ourselves? Alone together, you mean?" Hedda - "Yes, more or less that" Brack - "Here was I, every blessed day, wishing to goodness you were home again" Hedda - "And there was I, the whole time, wishing exactly the same" At the beginning of act two, Hedda encourages Brack's flirtation with her by telling him the true nature of her marriage to Tesman that it is a marriage of convenience: Brack

Essay Topics - How to Choose the Best Essay Topics For Your High School Subject

Essay Topics - How to Choose the Best Essay Topics For Your High School SubjectAs a high school student, you are very likely to have a lot of essay topics to choose from. If you're like most teenagers, you'll probably be faced with a lot of tough decisions as to what topics to write about. Here's a quick guide to choosing the best topics.As with all subjects in general, you should take the time to read up on the subject of slavery to help you with your essays. High school students can do some research and have the ability to find information about slavery from online sources. If you find that your school is doing nothing to help you write essays about slavery, then make sure you're aware of the subject. Whether or not you are doing this research is going to depend on you and your abilities.One of the best ways to write an essay about a subject of your choice is to research your own topic. The best way to do this is to keep a notebook and record all of the information that you come ac ross.Sometimes you might be dealing with some real trivia that you don't know anything about. You can then make notes about it. At the same time, if you're in a class that's dedicated to history, you can have your teacher give you a list of the facts that you need to know. That's a great idea.The idea is to figure out a topic of your own. The idea is that you want to research whatever you're writing about in order to figure out whether it's something that's happening today, or something that is happening to a certain person in the past. Once you've done your research, you want to figure out a way to relate it to the present day.After you've made a decision about what topic you're going to write about, you'll want to figure out a way to relate it to other points people are already making. This will really depend on you. Some people are naturally good at this and just trust themselves. Others might need to hire an outside expert to help them with their research.The final thing to thin k about is the budget. If you're doing this yourself or have some extra money to pay for some assistance, then that's great.

Silkwood vs. Kerr-McGee

Silkwood vs. Kerr-McGee Free Online Research Papers Twenty-seven years ago, US anti-nuclear activist, Karen Silkwood, was fighting in an uphill battle against Kerr-McGee Metallography Laboratory. Sadly after months of preparation and hard work for the case, Karen was killed in a fatal car crash. She didn’t even have the chance to tell her story to the many people who wanted to know. It all started in 1972 when she began work for Kerr-McGee. Working for Kerr-McGee was not a clean job. While working there, she noticed many health violations: workers were being exposed to contamination, bad respiratory equipment, people were storing plutonium samples in their drawers and people were allowing plutonium samples to be taken to schools for show and tell. The company allowed two showers per employee per shift, but since their were so many, many left without a shower. Since they were exposed to contamination, they were taking that contamination home to their families. After just a few months of being employed, Karen was elected as the first female committee member of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Union at Kerr McGee. Having this new power gave her the authority to dig up evidence of poor health and safety regulations. Silkwood was warned that it was dangerous to go up against the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). They were the ones that had power over the ownership of the plant. While collecting evidence, her phone was bugged, her movements were monitored, and she was deliberately contaminated with plutonium. The contamination was so severe that, after her death, her belongings had to be sealed up so no one could touch them. After months of gathering information, Silkwood decided to make her public debut with the evidence. She had contacted the New York Times and they were waiting to print the story. On November 17, 1974, she attended a union meeting in Crescent, OK. After the meeting, she had about a forty minute drive to Oklahoma City to meet Steve Wodka from the New York Times. Sadly, on her way to the meeting, her car ran off the left side of the road and ran along side a ditch and then flew twenty-four feet before hitting the concrete divider. Now, whether she was murdered or not is undecided. I think she was run off the road by an employee at the plant or someone who didn’t want her to make the story public. I think that if she would have gotten to the meeting, she would have won the case because she would have made it public. Research Papers on Silkwood vs. Kerr-McGeeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital PunishmentTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringHip-Hop is ArtUnreasonable Searches and Seizures