Saturday, October 5, 2019
Historical Points of Organizational Change Coursework
Historical Points of Organizational Change - Coursework Example Organizational change has its biggest paradox in the fact that its peak production period is probably time to start implementing significant change. Finally, there is limited knowledge on how to implement organization change. However, organization change is inevitable and must be managed in order to attain the best out of it. While planned organizational change occurs according to steps, the real change does not. One historical perspective of organizational change is industrial and organizational psychology (Burke, 2009). In the time before and just after WWII, industrial psychology only dealt with military, industrial, and business organizations. Its major thrust dealt with testing and studies focused on efficiency and morale. Industrial psychology in the late 1940s to the early 1950s dealt with psychological test development and supervisory training. In 1953, Fleishman carried out studies to determine whether the behaviors and attitudes of the supervisors would change after a two week program. Two leadership actions were reflected by tests; initiation of structure and consideration of a leader’s subordinates. However, training can only be effective if the organization has the climate to support the training goals. Industrial psychologists have increased comprehension of organizational change during WWII and beyond. Another perspective into organizational change comes from the systems theory, introduced in 1950 by Van Bertalanffy (Langer et al, 2009). The theory approaches the organizations as interdependent parts with specific functions, as well as interrelated responsibilities. The emphasis with the perspective in organizational change is that real systems interact with, and are open to, acquisition of new properties via emergence, leading to continual evolution. Instead of bringing down an organization to its
Friday, October 4, 2019
Contemporary Issues in International Business Assignment - 1
Contemporary Issues in International Business - Assignment Example It should be also noted that the environment in which international businesses operate is briefly explained so that the position and the challenges of global clothing industry to be fully understood. Businesses that operate globally have to face a series of issues. The willingness of investors to support global business initiatives is not standardized. In fact, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows in markets worldwide present high variation, being reduced from time to time, usually because of local political or economic crises.1 FDI has become popular due to the low level of its risks, compared to other internationalization strategies. Justin explains that FDI can be described as ‘the investment in the real assets of a foreign company so that a product is produced or marketed.2During the last five years, FDI shows important downturns probably because of the recession of 2008. The specific fact is reflected in Graph 1 and Graph1a (Appendix) where the changes in FDI globally, both as inflows and outflows, are presented. The recent trends in regard to FDI globally are also presented in Graph 2 (Appendix) where the emphasis is given on the FDI inflows in developing countries. It should be noted that a firm that wishes to secure its position in the global market needs to be able to continuously improve its productivity in order to respond to global competition, which tends to favor the most powerful organizations. In fact, due to globalization, competition has become stronger not only in the international market but also in local markets.[i] Another issue for international business is the elimination of trade barriers. In practice, it has been proved that trade barriers can significantly threaten the prospects of firms in the global market, either temporarily or permanently. Â
Thursday, October 3, 2019
Tax Returns Essay Example for Free
Tax Returns Essay Consider an accountant who prepares tax returns. Suppose a form 1040EZ requires $12 in computer resources to process and 22 minutes of the accountant’s time. Assume a form 1040A takes $25 in computer resources and needs 48 minutes of the accountant’s time. If the accountant can spend $630 on computer resources and has 1194 minutes available, how many forms of 1040EZ and 1040A can the accountant process? Solution: Let      x be the number of form 1040EZ that the accountant can process y be the number of form 1040A that the accountant can process The system of equation required for this problem is 12x + 25y ≠¤ 630 22x + 48y ≠¤ 1194 In augmented matrix form: The reduced form gives us the following set of equations:            x + 2. 5y ≠¤ 52.5          x + 2.5(4.3) ≠¤ 52.5                x ≠¤ 41.7                      y ≠¤ 4.3 Answer: The accountant can process at most 41.7 ( or 41) 1040EZ forms and at most 4.3 (or 4) 1040A forms. You are given the following system of linear equations: x – y + 2z = 13 2x + y – z = -6 -x + 3y + z = -7 a. Provide a coefficient matrix corresponding to the system of linear equations. What is the inverse of this matrix? What is the transpose of this matrix? d. Find the determinant for this matrix. det(A) = (1)(1)(1) + (-1)(-1)(-1) + (2)(2)(3) – (2)(1)(-1) – (-1)(2)(1) – (1)(-1)(3) det(A) = 19 Calculate the following for a. A * B b. -4A c. AT Solve the following linear system using Gaussian elimination. Show work. 3x + y – z = -5 -4x + y = 6 6x – 2y + 3z = 2 Solution: Backward substitution: 19/7 z = 76/7             z = 4 y – 4/7 z = -2/7          y = 2 x+1/3 y – 1/3 z = -5/3            x = -1 Solve the following linear system for x using Cramer’s rule. Show work. x + 2y – 3z = -22 2x – 6y + 8z = 74 -x – 2y + 4z = 29 Solution: The coefficient matrix corresponding to the given system is and the answer column is det(A) = (1)(-6)(4) + (2)(8)(-1) + (-3)(2)(-2) – (-3)(-6)(-1) – (2)(2)(4) – (1)(8)(-2)            = -10 Plug-in the answer column to x column and get the determinant det(X) = (-22)(-6)(4) + (2)(8)(29) + (-3)(74)(-2) – (-3)(-6)(29) – (2)(74)(4) – (-22)(8)(-2)            = -30 Plug-in the answer column to y column and get the determinant det(Y) = (1)(74)(4) + (-22)(8)(-1) + (-3)(2)(29) – (-3)(74)(-1) – (-22)(2)(4) – (1)(8)(29)            = 20 Plug-in the answer column to z column and get the determinant det(Z) = (1)(-6)(29) + (2)(74)(-1) + (-22)(2)(-2) – (-22)(-6)(-1) – (2)(2)(29) – (1)(74)(-2)            = -70 By Cramer’s rule, the solution to the system is x = -30 / -10 = 3 y = 20 / -10 = -2 z = -70 / -10 = 7
Ready-Made Garments (RMG) Sector Of Bangladesh
Ready-Made Garments (RMG) Sector Of Bangladesh Introduction: Entirely export oriented Ready-Made Garments (RMG) sector of Bangladesh has experienced a noteworthy enhancement since its commencement in last half of 1970s. Strangely enough, though this major industry is now totally based on private entrepreneurial efforts, its inauguration was rooted into an export consignment of Shirt which was done by Trading Corporation of Bangladesh (TCB), the state operated trading agency, in mid ‘70s. The export consignment held with some East-European countries. However, the entrance of private entrepreneurs in this sector gifted it with a tremendous boost. Background: Reformed domestic policy and the international Multi-Fiber Agreement (MFA) are the key procedures that ameliorated the condition of Bangladeshi RMG export (Quddus and Rashid, 2000). In the decade of ‘80s, Bangladesh adopted a modification in national economic policy to run its economy under the tutelage of World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Establishment of Export Processing Zones (EPZ) channeled foreign direct investment in this sector (Bhattacharya, et al., 2001, p.2-26). Money-spinning facilities like cash assistance, income tax rebate, freight and power rate rebate, tax holiday, loans at lower rate, provision of back to back Letter of Credit (LC), guarantee scheme for export credit, decreasing interest rate in export credit, reducing harbor charges, bond facilities for warehouse, duty free imports of raw materials and productive machineries, were offered to export oriented RMG industries (Mayumi, 2004) The MFA was an agreement of World Trade Organization (WTO), done in 1974 which set quotas for export of textile and garments related products from the developing countries (Rahman, 2004). Under this agreement, USA and Canada, the then largest RMG importers, imposed quota restrictions and maintained a limit in importing products from countries such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, Sri-Lanka, India, Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia. Moreover, some countries had also major internal problems, like, sudden increase in labor cost in Sri-Lanka (Siddiqui, 2003). As a result, for minimizing the cost, the importers started looking for alternative sources and Bangladesh became a lucrative source for them for facilities like low labor cost and large export quotas (Wigg, 1990, p.154-159). Bangladesh received preferential treatment by USA and European Union, as a less developed country. Paradoxically, within 1985, Bangladesh appeared as a giant in international apparel sector and beca me a major competitor for the suppliers in USA, Canadian and European market. Thus, the bed rock of this major industry of Bangladesh was set down and slowly gradually this industry has become the core of the national economy. Later, RMG sector also received other facilities like Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) from USA and UK. Major problems of RMG industry of Bangladesh: In spite of being the main source of the money stream in internal economy of Bangladesh, the Ready-Made Garments sector is in continuous threat by some major and crucial factors. As a result, the whole sector is in risk and in a volatile situation which may disgracefully collapse the whole sector as well as the country’s economy. These problems or threats can be categorized in following sections: Critical political condition In-apt workers Lack of proper in-work precautionary security measures Workers Dissatisfaction i. Critical political condition: Internal political instability and security threats due to such instable condition has become a serious concern for the RMG industry. If we focus on recent situation, only during the political unrest in October and November, 2013, this industry had to count a loss of minimum TK. 2000 corer and orders worth $2.40 million were cancelled by the buyer only in first ten days of December, 2013. Moreover, due to the rail-road blockade, the exporters had to do air shipment which also compelled them to bear an extra expense of $0.9 million. For delayed shipment the exporters experienced a price cut by $4.65 million as orders valuing $6.6 million were supplied in delay (Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha, December 12, 2013). ii. In-apt worker: Bangladesh is now a major competitor in international RMG market. This makes it compulsory to maintain the quality of the product. Quality control in production unit largely depends on time to time training and workshop programs organized for the workers. But, ironically, such initiatives are absent in Bangladesh. As a result, the qualities of the products are degrading which sometimes result in cancellation of the consignment and creates a negative image in the international market. iii. Lack of proper in-work precautionary security measures: The most serious issue regarding the RMG sector of Bangladesh is most of the factories lack proper safety measures against any unwanted perils. This is making the working zone immensely risky which also violates the rules and regulations of International Labor Organization (ILO). Such irresponsible attitude of the factory owners is the key reason behind many accidents in recent years which have taken great tolls of life. In past 11years, approximately 730 workers were blazed and killed and about 4700 workers were injured in several fire accidents in garments factories. The amount of deaths and casualties in building collapse is numerous. Only in the building collapse on April 24, 2013 of Rana Plaza in Savar, 1,130 people were reported to be dead and approximately 2,515 injured people were reported to be rescued from the building (New Age, April, 2013). Continuous accidents like Spectrum Sweater Industries, Phoenix Garments, Smart Export Garments, Tazreen Fashion, Garib Garib, Matrix Sweater, Ha-Meem Group and many more has made the foreign buyers too much concerned about the issue. iv. Workers Dissatisfaction: The RMG sector has faced several incidents of strikes by the workers for the issue of inadequate payment. The workers belong to the lower income group of the society. Although, this sector is the backbone of the country’s economy, the radar of the sector, the workers, are not even paid the minimum to keep their heart and soul together. The sector became volatile due to labor unrest for the first time in 2006 and since then it has become a regular phenomenon. In 2006 the unrest condition was mitigated by discussion with the labor representatives and the minimum pay rate was decided to be Tk. 1662.50. But the agitation aroused again in 2010 and the rate was revised to Tk. 3000 per month which came into effect in November 2010 (The Daily Star Forum, August 2012). But, if we consider the current inflation and living cost, the logical minimum wage should be higher. According to Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD), the minimum wage of a worker is shown below: Issues Tk. Daily Food Costs (average of male and female) 108 Monthly Food Costs 3240 Monthly Non-Food Costs (52% of total cost as per the FGD) 3510 Food + Non Food Costs 6750 Required Monthly Minimum Wage=(Food costs + Non-food costs) 6750 *Moazzem, K.G. and Raz, S., 2013, Revision of the minimum wage in RMG sector, pp.28. Conclusion: In current perspective, RMG sector is the lifeblood of the economy of Bangladesh. Both GDP and GNP depend on this sector. As a result, for the betterment of the national economy it’s must to strive to alleviate the problems of this sector. Moreover, the sector currently employs about 4.2 million workers whose fate directly depends on the existence of RMG sector. References: Moazzem, K.G. and Raz, S., 2013. Revision of the minimum wage in RMG sector, pp.28 Mridha, R.U., 2012, Causes of RMG unrest. The Daily Star Forum, [internet] August Available at: http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2012/August/rmg.htm [Accessed 4 March 2014] Alamgir, M. and Haque, M., 2013. RMG workers killed in fires, factory collapses in 11 years. The Daily New Age, [internet] 25 April Available at: http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2013-04-25nid=47200 [Accessed 4 March 2014]
Wednesday, October 2, 2019
My Philosophy of Teaching :: Philosophy of Education Teachers Essays
My Philosophy of Teaching I had a best friend in high school that had a disability. Her disability never slowed her down. She played softball and tried out for the basketball team. She inspired me. I know children with disabilities can lead a fun and normal life. With an idealist frame of mind I chose to teach, so I could show children, disabled or not, what a great impact they can have on the world. The classroom is where this realization for the children begins. My classroom will not be mine only. I want the children to have a sense of ownership of the classroom also. The seating will be circular with my desk as a part of the circle. Bulletin boards will be prepared with works the children have done, experimental material, and brainteasers. The bulletin boards will allow the children to experiment with new ideas and draw their own conclusions. We will have projects and materials that push the children to think, yet leave enough room for them to form their own opinions. The children need to be able to spread the wings of their mind and have choices in how we organize and run our classroom. By having a non-authoritarian classroom we have room for a democracy. The children can help me decide what rules will keep the classroom orderly and what punishments are appropriate for breaking these rules. If they create the punishment, it will be more difficult for them to protest when they are being punished. The students would have ownership in the classroom. To prevent my students from breaking the rules, I plan to motivate them using a variety of techniques. For example, I would give stickers for good grades, a book for a month of good grades, and free time to watch a movie as a reward for good behavior all month. For their many daily accomplishments, I would continually give them verbal compliments and praise. I plan to carry this encouragement into my classroom. I’m going to teach in a manner where the children can test the ideas and methods that I’m demonstrating.
All Quiet On The Western Front :: essays research papers
All Quiet on the Western Front 1. In the movie “All Quiet on the Western Front';, the German soldiers were sent into the battlefield thinking that they were going to win. The inexperienced boys were persuaded in to fighting and dying for the victory of their country. This brought on a profound sense of disillusionment with the values of Western Civilization. Â Â Â Â Â In the German soldier’s view they were looking to win the war and take over territory. Such as in Napoleon’s time, in which his values was to imperialize weaker countries. The Germans and Napoleon both possessed selfish movies instead of looking through the victim’s perspectives but rather looking to satisfy and protect their own desires and needs. This disillusioned the soldiers into fighting proudly for their homeland but never turning back to consider the possible downfalls in going into the western front. By the time the battle of the Somme ended, the German death toll in defense was 164,055, which was a disaster for the country. Â Â Â Â Â During the Renaissance, European countries chose to break out of the Dark ages and reform and to modernize society. The values in reconstruction produced a sense of disillusionment with the actions that took place on the Western Front. The soldiers on the front were devastated during the first bombardment and all the mental and physical conditions of the soldiers deteriorated from that point on. The values of the Renaissance were the opposite of those that arose on the battlefield. Â Â Â Â Â The fantasy of solving their own national problems disabled Germans in viewing other countries war aims. Over confidence destroyed the troops. 2. Â Â Â Â Â In the movie “All Quiet on the Western Front';, young inexperienced German soldiers eagerly enter World War I, but their enthusiasm “wears thin'; as they experience the horrors of the war. Slowly, they start to adapt to the cynicism of the veterans. Â Â Â Â Â The innocent boys started turning into men when they broke into pieces under the first bombardment in the trenches. The soldiers start to be beaten down, both emotionally and physically. They experienced near starvation, attacks by rats in the trenches, long stretches of boredom, seeing death of friends, and separation from family and friends. War makes a man inhuman. War change people. It makes people numb to violence in society and slowly adapt to cynicism. After 3 years of mental and physical battle, the troops, like the veterans, who have lived under these situations even longer, become misanthropic.
Tuesday, October 1, 2019
Annexure
ANNEXURE I SIGNIFICANT CHANGES REFERRED TO IN PARA 4 OF THIS CIRCULAR Sr. Subject Matter No. 1. Exemption from eligibility norms for making an IPO 2. Debarment Provision under the rescinded Guidelines Exemption available to banking company, corresponding new bank and infrastructure company. Company prohibited from making an issue of securities if it had been prohibited from accessing the capital market under any order or direction passed by the Board. Provision under the ICDR Regulations Exemption removed.Eligibility norms made applicable uniformly to all types of issuers. Issuer not to make public issue or rights issue of specified securities if: (a) the issuer, any of its promoters, promoter group or directors or persons in control of the issuer are debarred from accessing the capital market by the Board; (b) if any of the promoters, directors or persons in control of the issuer was or also is a promoter, director or person in control of any other company which is debarred from acc essing the capital market under any order or directions made by the Board.Provided for. 3. 4. 5. 6. Offer for sale by listed companies OTCEI Issues and E-IPO Firm allotment in public issues Reservation on competitive basis in public issues No provision. Contained in Chapter XIV and Omitted. Chapter XI A. Permitted. Omitted. (a) For Indian and multilateral (a) Omitted. development financial institutions, Indian mutual funds, foreign institutional investors and scheduled banks. b) For shareholders of the (b) For shareholders (other than 6 7. promoters) in respect of listed promoting companies in promoting companies, in case the case of a new of a new issuer and listed group company and shareholders companies, in case of an of group companies in the existing issuer. case of an existing company. Book building Book building process 75% book building route omitted. process through 75% or 100% of issue size. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.Allotment/ refund period in public issues Disclosure of price or price band Transfer of surplus money in Green Shoe Option (GSO) Bank Account Issue period for Infrastructure companies in public issues Currency of financial statements disclosed in the offer document 30 days for fixed price issues and 15 days for book built issues. Required in draft prospectus in case of fixed price public issues. Surplus money to be transferred to Investor Protection Fund of Stock Exchanges. 15 days for both fixed price and book built issues. Not required to be disclosed in draft prospectus.Surplus money to be transferred to Investor Protection and Education Fund (IPEF) established by the Board. 21 days, as against 10 days Uniform period of 10 days for all for other issues. types of issuers. 13. 14. 15. Definition â€Å"Key Management Personnel†Disclosure on Not provided. pledge of shares by promoters Extent of Not explicit. Particulars as per audited Government and non-government financial statements not to be issuers treated at par. more than 6 months ol d from the issue opening date for all issuers, except Government companies.Defined. of Not defined. Provided for. Where 100% of the offer through 7 underwriting obligation 16. The term â€Å"Financial Financial open to institution as a Institution†interpretation. monitoring agency Definition of Includes permanent â€Å"employee†employee/ director of subsidiary or holding company of the issuer. Restrictions on If issue opening and closing advertisements advertisement contained highlights, then the advertisement required to contain risk factors. Forfeiture money unexercised warrants preferential issues of Open to interpretation. n in 17. 18. offer document is underwritten, underwriting obligations shall be for the entire amount underwritten. The term â€Å"financial Institution†replaced by â€Å"public financial institution or a scheduled commercial bank†. Excludes permanent employee/ director of subsidiary or holding company of the issuer and promoters and immediate relatives of promoters. If advertisement contains information other than the details specified in the format for issue advertisement, the advertisement shall contain risk factors. 19. 20. 21.Outstanding convertible instruments in case of initial public offer (IPO) Minimum promoters’ contribution 22. Issue period in case of public issues Where the warrant holder exercises his option to convert only some of the warrants held by him, upfront payment made against only such warrants can be adjusted. The balance upfront payment made against the remaining unexercised warrants shall be forfeited. Compulsory conversion of Compulsory conversion of all outstanding convertible outstanding convertible instruments instruments and other rights held by any person. eld by promoters or shareholders. Could be brought in by Shall be brought in only by whose identity, promoters/ persons belonging promoters to promoter group/friends, photograph, etc are disclosed in the relatives and associates of offer document. promoters. Issue period not clear in case Total issue period not to exceed 10 of revision in price band in days, including any revision in price book built public issues. band. 8 23. 24. 25.Pre-issue advertisement to be made after registering of prospectus/ red herring prospectus with Registrar of Companies before opening of the issue. uch as Only checklist to be attached. Documents to be Documents attached with memorandum of association due diligence and articles of association of the company, audited balance certificate sheet, checklist for compliance with the rescinded Guidelines etc. Group The term â€Å"group companies†The term â€Å"group companies†companies not explained. explained. Timing of preissue advertisement for public issues Pre-issue advertisement to be made immediately after receipt of observations from the Board. 9ANNEXURE II APPLICABILITY OF THE ICDR REGULATIONS IN RESPECT OF DRAFT OFFER DOCUMENTS FILED UNDER THE RESC INDED GUIDELINES Sr. No. 1. Particulars Applicability of the ICDR Regulations Draft offer documents filed, but Such draft offer documents would be considered as observations yet to be issued filed with the Board under the corresponding provisions of the ICDR Regulations. Merchant bankers by the Board may, however, be required to submit a checklist confirming compliance with the corresponding provisions of the ICDR Regulations.Observations issued by the Board under the rescinded Guidelines, but in-seriatim reply yet to be filed by merchant bankers (a) In-seriatim reply filed with the Board under the rescinded Guidelines (b) Offer document yet to be registered with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) / filed with the designated stock exchange (DSE), as the case may be In-seriatim reply shall be filed in terms of the ICDR Regulations and while doing so, merchant bankers shall submit a checklist, along with a confirmation that all the provisions of the ICDR Regulations have been duly compl ied with.Merchant bankers shall be required to submit a checklist, along with a confirmation that all the provisions of the ICDR Regulations have been duly complied with, before registering/ filing the offer document with the ROC/ DSE, as the case may be. 2. 3. 4. Offer document registered with Merchant bankers may proceed with the issue. the ROC / filed with the designated stock exchange, as the case may be
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